The three (or sometimes four) core consonants that form the semantic foundation of Arabic words. All Arabic words are built by applying vowel patterns to these root letters.

The word قَالَ (qāla — he said) comes from the root ق و ل (q-w-l), meaning 'to say.' Most Arabic roots have three letters (trilateral).

The grammatical case used for direct objects, predicates of inna and her sisters, and circumstantial expressions. Marked by fatha (ـَ) on singular nouns.

الْكَوْثَرَ is in the accusative case because it's the direct object of أَعْطَيْنَا (we granted).

A derived noun indicating the doer of an action. For Form I verbs, it follows the pattern فَاعِل (fāʿil). The active participle functions as both a noun and adjective.

رَبّ (rabb — lord/sustainer) is an active participle from the root ر ب ب, indicating 'the one who sustains.'

A pronoun that points to something specific, near or far. Common examples include هَذَا (this — masc.), هَذِهِ (this — fem.), ذَلِكَ (that — masc.), تِلْكَ (that — fem.).

ذَٰلِكَ (dhālika — that) points to the Quran, indicating something specific and significant.